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Fitzwilliam Sonatas
''Fitzwilliam Sonatas'' is the name first given by Thurston Dart to an arrangement he made, based on two recorder sonatas by George Frideric Handel, which he recast as a group of three sonatas. The term was applied by later editors to the original two sonatas as Handel wrote them, and was also expanded to encompass several other sonatas for various instruments included in the Handel autograph manuscripts held by the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge.
==History==
The two sonatas used by Dart for his edition were probably written between 1724 and 1726,〔Terence Best, "Handel's Chamber Music", ''Early Music'' 13, no. 4 (November 1985): 476–99. The citations are on p. 479 and in the table on p. 485.〕 but were not likely intended to be associated, either as a pair or together with the other four recorder sonatas by Handel. They were first associated in 1948, when Thurston Dart named them after the Fitzwilliam Museum at the University of Cambridge, where the autograph sources are kept.〔〔George Buelow, ''A History of Baroque Music'', sixth edition (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004): 622 "(Notes to pages 489-498 )" (accessdate = 21 February 2009). ISBN 0-253-34365-8.〕 Said autographs were part of the bequest that founded the museum, made in 1816 by Richard FitzWilliam, 7th Viscount FitzWilliam〔Ian Chilvers, "Fitzwilliam Museum", in ''The Oxford Dictionary of Art'', 3rd edition (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), ISBN 0-19-860476-9.〕 (not related to the Earls Fitzwilliam), who had bought them at auction following the death of J.C. Smith the Younger (1712–95), from the portion of his collection remaining after a major gift to King George III.〔
In 1974 a new edition of three recorder sonatas under the same name was made by the German musicologist Klaus Hofmann.〔Georg Friedrich Händel, ''Fitzwilliam-Sonaten für Altblockflöte und Generalbaß'', edited by Klaus Hofmann, 3 vols. (Neuhausen-Stuttgart: Hänssler-Verag, 1974).〕 This edition restored the D minor sonata to its original seven-movement form, and added as no. 3 the Sonata in G Major, HWV 358, probably composed much earlier than the other two Fitzwilliam recorder sonatas, at some time between 1707 and 1710.〔Terence Best, "Handel's Chamber Music", ''Early Music'' 13, no. 4 (November 1985): 476–99. The citation is in the table on p. 485.〕 Even with correction of an evidently defective, very high passage at the end of the third movement, Hofmann admits that "Handel must have been counting on a superlative instrumental soloist", and suggests that "perhaps an instrument in g' ought also to be kept in mind" (as opposed to the usual alto recorder in f').〔Georg Friedrich Händel, ''Fitzwilliam-Sonaten für Altblockflöte und Generalbaß'', edited by Klaus Hofmann, vol. 3: Sonate G-dur (Neuhausen-Stuttgart: Hänssler-Verag, 1974), p. 2.〕 The attribution of this sonata to the recorder is contested, however. Both David Lasocki and Terence Best assign it to the violin,〔David Lasocki, "New Light on Handel 's Woodwind Sonatas", ''American Recorder'' 21, no. 4 (February 1981): 169; Terence Best, "Critical Commentary", in G. F. Handel, ''The Complete Sonatas for Violin and Basso Continuo / Die gesamten Sonaten für Violine und Basso Continuo / Les sonates complètes pour violon et basse continue'', edited by Terence Best, basso continuo realized by Peter Holman, 50–54 (London: Faber Music Limited; Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag; Sydney: Boosey & Hawkes (Australia) Pty. Ltd.; New York: G. Schirmer Inc.; Auckland: Roderick Biss Music Ltd., 1983), 50, although Best concedes that the extremely high notes at the end of the last movement which, in his opinion, rule out the recorder, "are difficult even for a modern player" of the violin, and "do not fit the bass comfortably: it is possible that Handel made a mistake in notation", as Hofmann contended.〕 whereas Jean-Claude Veilhan endorses Hofmann's view,〔George Frideric Handel, ''Sonate en sol majeur pour flûte à bec alto et basse continue (Fitzwilliam MS 261)'', transcription Jean-Claude Veilhan, réalisation de la basse, Danièle Salzer (Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 1990).〕 and Winfried Michel acknowledges the possibility.〔George Frideric Handel, ''Die Sonaten für Altblockflöte und B.c. '', edited by Winfried Michel, 2nd edition (Münster: Mieroprint, 1992) is a facsimile edition including HWV 358, though in his transcribed edition, George Frideric Handel, ''Sonaten für Altblockflöte und Basso Continuo / Sonatas for Treble Recorder and Basso Continuo'', edited by Winfried Michel, Camera Flauto Amadeus 122 (Winterthur: Amadeus Verlag/B. Päuler, 1994) Michel includes only the six sonatas in G minor, F Major, A Minor, C Major, B-flat Major, and D Minor.〕
Two further Handel sonatas found in the Fitzwilliam manuscripts have been published under the "Fitzwilliam" rubric: the Sonata for Violin and Continuo in G Minor, HWV 364a,〔Published as three separate items: (1) George Frideric Handel, ''Fitzwilliam Violin Sonata in G Minor: Fair Copy of Handel's Manuscript '', edited by Robert Illing (Adelaide: Robert Illing, 1982), ISBN 0-949302-10-4; (2) George Frideric Handel, ''Fitzwilliam Violin Sonata in G Minor: Keyboard Realization of Handel's Bass by Robert Illing'' (Adelaide: Robert Illing, 1982) ISBN 0-949302-11-2; and (3) Robert Illing, ''Handel, Fitzwilliam Violin Sonata in G Minor: A Critical Account'' (Adelaide: Robert Illing, 1984), ISBN 0-949302-09-0.〕 and the Sonata for Oboe and Continuo in B-flat major, HWV 357.〔Published as the second of George Frideric Handel, ''Three Authentic Sonatas for Oboe & Basso Continuo: in F, opus 1 no. 5; B flat, "Fitzwilliam"; c, opus 1 no. 8'', edited by David Lasocki ((): Nova Music, 1975).〕 In the autograph of the G minor violin sonata, Handel copied out the first bar a second time at the foot of the first page, with the solo part written an octave lower, in the alto clef and with the words "Per la Viola da Gamba".〔Terence Best, "Handel's Chamber Music", ''Early Music'' 13, no. 4 (November 1985): 476–99. The citation is on p. 479. Also Terence Best, "Critical Commentary", in G. F. Handel, ''The Complete Sonatas for Violin and Basso Continuo / Die gesamten Sonaten für Violine und Basso Continuo / Les sonates complètes pour violon et basse continue'', edited by Terence Best, basso continuo realized by Peter Holman, 50–54 (London: Faber Music Limited; Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag; Sydney: Boosey & Hawkes (Australia) Pty. Ltd.; New York: G. Schirmer Inc.; Auckland: Roderick Biss Music Ltd., 1983). The citation is on p. 51.〕 A realization of this version was first published in an edition by Thurston Dart in 1950.〔George Frideric Handel, ''Sonata in G minor, for Viola da Gamba (or Viola) and Harpsichord (or Pianoforte)'', edited and arranged by Thurston Dart, Edition Schott 10114 (London: Schott, 1950).〕
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